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Comprehensive information about diving and undersea medicine for the non-medical diver, the non-diving physician and the specialist. |
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The Complement System and Diving |
Considerable research over the past 10 years has been directed toward elucidation of the complement system and it's effect on the body in association with bubbles. Reviewed nicely in 1997 by Andrea Zaferes in the magazine 'Immersed', the complicated but important field of how bubbles cause damage is slowly but clearly being brought to light. http://www.immersed.com/Articles/PDFs/hit.pdf
Long thought to be a simple process of blockage of vessels and infarction, it has now been shown that there is a tripping of the complement system and the immune system (T- and B- leucocytes) when bubbles form from decompression. This immune response has a domino effect on blood chemistry that leads to marked changes in the tissues long after the bubbles are gone.
Work has also been done that shows the importance of early treatment. The longer the period of waiting after a decompression incident, the more blood chemistry changes occur and the greater the damage done, emphasizing the importance of early recompression in the treatment of decompression illness.
Very interesting studies have also shown that activation of the complement system may acclimate you to the effects of a decompression accident. This might be a 'using up' process of multiple shallow dives with sub clinical bubbling causing complement activation and having little or none present when a subsequent deeper dive is done. This same process might be the explanation of the excessive fatigue that many divers describe after diving - the fatigue actually being the complement activation damage that is know to occur distant from local bubble sites and the hemoconcentration that occurs.
Individuals who have greater sensitivity to complement activation may be at greater risk for DCS manifestation and more severe DCS injury. Conversely, those with chronically 'used up' complement may be a lesser risk, as in the chronic asthmatic or the atopic patient.
Finally, there might be individual variation in the sensitivity to DCS. Divers who are complement sensitive have a higher rate of DCS. Sensitivity is defined by the level of C5a increase following plasma incubation with bubbles in vitro. However, Lundgren and associates were unable to show this effect in their report in 1997.
Interestingly, workers have also found that cobra venom factor ends the manifestations of DCS in rabbits.
Shastri KA, Logue GL, Lundgren CE. Related Articles
In vitro activation of human complement by nitrogen bubbles.
Undersea Biomed Res. 1991 May;18(3):157-65.
Bergh
K, Hjelde A, Iversen OJ, Brubakk AO.
Variability over
time of complement activation induced by air bubbles
in human and rabbit
sera.
J Appl Physiol.
1993 Apr;74(4):1811-5.
Ward
CA, McCullough D, Fraser WD.
Relation between
complement activation and susceptibility to decompression sickness.
J Appl Physiol.
1987 Mar;62(3):1160-6.
Shastri
KA, Logue GL, Lundgren CE, Logue CJ, Suggs DF.
Diving decompression
fails to activate complement.
Undersea Hyperb
Med. 1997 Jun;24(2):51-7.
Ward
CA, McCullough D, Yee D, Stanga D, Fraser WD.
Complement
activation
involvement in decompression sickness of rabbits.
Undersea Biomed
Res. 1990 Jan;17(1):51-66.
Pekna
M, Ersson A.
Complement system
response to decompression.
Undersea Hyperb
Med. 1996 Mar;23(1):31-4.
Brook
WH, Secombe J, Seychell D.
Complement levels
and exposure in the hypobaric chamber.
Aviat Space Environ
Med. 1995 May;66(5):415-7.
Hjelde
A, Bergh K, Brubakk AO, Iversen OJ.
Complement
activation
in divers after repeated air/heliox dives and its possible relevance to
DCS.
J Appl Physiol.
1995 Mar;78(3):1140-4.
Katuntsev
VP, Kozlov LV, Shcherbakova MA, Ageev VP, Sizoi MN.
[Effect of
decompression
on the compliment system].
Aviakosm Ekolog
Med. 1993 May-Jun;27(3):22-8. Russian.
Stevens
DM, Gartner SL, Pearson RR, Flynn ET, Mink RB, Robinson DH, Dutka AJ.
Complement
activation
during saturation diving.
Undersea Hyperb
Med. 1993 Dec;20(4):279-88.
Zhang
J, Fife CE, Currie MS, Moon RE, Piantadosi CA, Vann RD.
Venous gas emboli
and complement activation after deep repetitive air diving.
Undersea Biomed
Res. 1991 Jul;18(4):293-302.
Huang
KL, Lin YC.
Activation of
complement
and neutrophils increases vascular permeability during air embolism.Aviat
Space
Environ Med. 1997 Apr;68(4):300-5.
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